Sunday, December 29, 2019

Essay about Week 3 Codification Exercise - 803 Words

ACCT564 Week 3 Assignment 1. Watch the FASB Codification Tutorial – Available through the course shell http://asc.fasb.org/media/1615_Codification_MainMenu_Web/launcher.html 2. Access the codification database through your course shell and give a summary (1 paragraph) of each of the below references: a. ASC 210-10-01 b. ASC 505-20-25 c. ASC 908-360-25 Please put it in your own words! A/ ASC 210-10-01. I could not find the 210-10-01 so I will over the 210-10 (General) In this section the FASB explains how the accounting standars was updated. It also talks about the securities and exchange section (SEC). We can say that the section identifies the changes to this subtopics resulting from accounting standard updates. The SEC†¦show more content†¦Retrived From: https://asc.fasb.org/sectiontrid=2208803 A/ASC 908-360-25 Airframe Modifications As for this code FASB explains that plant and equipment as airframe modifications in aircrafts that enhance the use of the aircraft should be capitalized. It also explains overhaul cost and how air carriers shall adopt accounting methods that will help them recognize overhaul expenses in the appropriate period. Accounting methods permitted: 1-Direct expensing method 2-The built in averhaul method 3-The deferral method This code is for 908 Airlines, 360 Property, Plant and Equipment, 25 Recognition Exercise 11 11. The financial reporting issues facing Mexico are different in some respects from those of other countries covered in this chapter. Required: Provide two main reasons to support the above statement. A/ Mexico has some different accounting issues because I think that when US bail out Mexico from their debt they adopted a more reliable accounting method. They had to open their financials and become more transparent with their financials. We can also see how there is a difference in the definition of an associate from both a IFRS and Mexican GAAP point of view. This can make American investor take careful measures when thinking in investment in that country. Preoperating and setup cost also make a big difference because irfs indicates you have to charge theShow MoreRelatedCompetition Act Case2367 Words   |  10 PagesCompetition act case MONDAY, 13 SEPTEMBER 2010 CCI v SAIL: Supreme Court Gets it Right! In a telling judgement, the Supreme Court of India, on Sep. 9, 2010, has effectively and judiciously circumscribed the boundaries of exercise of power by both the Competition Commission of India (CCI/Commission) and the Competition Appellate Tribunal (â€Å"the Tribunal†) while delivering its verdict in the much awaited case  Competition Commission of India v. Steel Authority of India Ltd.  This Note captures the highlightsRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Resource Management2090 Words   |  9 PagesInitiate, continue and terminate general conversations (Hargie et al, 2004; p.288) After that, the teacher gave us a reflective exercise where we had to put from 1(always) to 5(never) in different statements, to know how assertive we are. I obtained a score of 65 out of 100, so with that score teacher told me that I am a little assertive. When we finished that exercise, we were divided into groups where we had to work on different cases. My case was about an employee who is working in a company andRead MoreInternational Accounting4701 Words   |  19 PagesProduct number A191-PDF-ENG: available at: http://harvardbusiness.org/ Then type IAS 39 Carve-Out: How the European Union Hedged Its Exposure to the International Standard on Derivatives and Hedging into the search box. †¢ FASB codification—password to be handed out in class. You may log in at http://aaahq.org/ascLogin.cfm Objectives of the course include †¢ Gaining an appreciation of the challenges of accounting, risk management and financial reporting in a multinationalRead MoreInternal Revenue Code 1939278050 Words   |  1113 PagesCode. These statutes are codified without substantive change and with only such change of form as is required by arrangement and consolidation. The title contains no provision, except for effective date, not derived from a law approved prior to January 3, 1939. The derivation of the title, in its textual sequence, is shown in the appendix, part I, table A. Conversely, the placement of the statutes in the title, cited in their chronological order, is shown in table B. The Revised Statutes of the UnitedRead MoreSexual Orientation Discrimination Essay2508 Words   |  11 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Sexual Orientation Discrimination Definition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Explanation of Topic †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Background of Issue †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Challenges this issue Presents Workplace Discrimination †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Recommended Organizational ResponseRead MoreHistory of Common Law9609 Words   |  39 PagesIt derives from Roman law traditions. It’s also known as Continental European law. Laws recognized as authoritative are codifications in a constitution or statute passed by legislature. They are codified laws = civil code. * Common law It is made by judges in court applying knowledge and common sense of legal precedent to the facts presented. There is no major codification of the law, and judicial precedents (= authority) are binding as opposed to persuasive. The idea of the common sense isRead MoreIndustrial Relations-Labour Laws6823 Words   |  28 Pagesthe  overseer or one of his delegates as well as the owner. The homosexual abuse of male slaves has not been  widely recorded, but this is not an indication it never happened. The concept of human rights and labour laws back then in Jamaica known since the codification of Roman law did not extend to slaves, women or  children Goolsaran (2005). The idea that they might have harboured normal feelings of anger as a result does not appear to  have been understood. The effects, though, of how slaves felt over theirRead MoreIndustrial Relations-Labour Laws6832 Words   |  28 Pagesor one of his delegates as well as the owner. The homosexual abuse of male slaves has not been  widely recorded, but this is not an indication it never happened. The concept of human rights and labour laws back then in Jamaica known since the codification of Roman law did not extend to slaves, women or  children Goolsaran (2005). The idea that they might have harboured normal feelings of anger as a result does not appear to  have been understood. The effects, though, of how slaves felt over theirRead MoreAccounting 1-4 Chapter100452 Words   |  402 Pagesto WileyPLUS for practice and tutorials Read A Look at IFRS p. 42 study objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Describe the primary forms of business organization. 2 Identify the users and uses of accounting information. 3 Explain the three principal types of business activity. 4 Describe the content and purpose of each of the financial statements. 5 Explain the meaning of assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity, and state the basic accounting equation. 6 DescribeRead MoreHuman Rights Abuses for the LGBT Community in Russia2709 Words   |  11 Pageslegislation. â€Æ' Facts The Duma house of Parliament in Russia unanimously passed a bill with a vote of 436-0 on June 11, 2013 that bans the distribution of propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations among minors. After the bill had been dismissed 3 times, a climate of political unrest grew out of the 2011 Parliamentary elections, which eventually led to the passage of the bill. After fraud allegations, tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets in the largest post-Soviet protest, and

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Slavery During The Revolutionary War - 1388 Words

Slavery during the revolutionary War Slavery was a legal system in which people of the dark color did not have the same rights as white people did, and they were treated as they were a property. It started in 1619 in Virginia where the slaves were brought in North America to do labor jobs. They would immediately become slaves as soon as they get captured, or if they were born into a slave family. Slaves were treated very badly from their owners, and they were forced to do labor jobs without getting paid, they did not have proper homes and nor did they have any rights because they were legally considered as property. George Washington, the first president of America was born into a family that also owned slaves, and once he married his wife Martha Dandrig Custis, he gained a lot more slaves. However, his views on slavery changed during the American Revolutionary War. He saw slaves fearlessly fighting in the Continental Army in 1775, and he also noticed some places that did not have sl avery and the agriculture were well developed. Also, during the American Revolution George Washington and Marquis de Lafayette developed a special bond together which soon led to them agreeing that they both opposed slavery. The only way to abolish slavery was to develop a program of gradual emancipation, in the legislative system. The American Revolutionary War was a turning point in the black history where George Washington came at realization thatShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans During The Revolutionary Era925 Words   |  4 Pages The Revolutionary Era was a time for liberal reformation, independence, and a new found united states. An uprising for freedom from Britain’s tyrannic king swept through the colonies and a fight for independence was making it’s way. However, the war with Britain would be no cake walk for the new found colonies and extra reinforcement was needed. African Americans played major roles during the Revolutionary Era by participating in battles such as Lexington, Bunker Hill, and Yorktown. Some were freeRead MoreCitizen Tom Paine And Freedom Road Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesconditions during The American Revolutionary War and its after math (1765-83). Freedom Road depicts the conditions of the former African slaves after The Civil War (1861-65) Thomas Paine is a political philosopher and thinker who has strived for the liberation of the Americans and African slaves since the time of American Revolutionary War. He is named as Tom Paine and is the protagonist of the novel Citizen Tom Paine (1943). Thomas Paine is termed as â€Å"The Great Rabble Rouser and Revolutionary† (Mc DonaldRead MoreThe Second American Revolution891 Words   |  4 PagesThe Second American Revolution Thesis Statement â€Å"The Civil War may also be termed as the second American Revolution in terms of the political, social and economic changes that occurred during the war† Introduction American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865. The war began because President Abraham Lincoln, elected in 1860, was very persistent on preserving the Union, which was threatened by the issue of slavery. The North was growing rapidly in wealth and population, and it was clear toRead MoreThe Second American Revolution901 Words   |  4 PagesThe Second American Revolution Thesis Statement â€Å"The Civil War may also be termed as the second American Revolution in terms of the political, social and economic changes that occurred during the war† Introduction American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865. The war began because President Abraham Lincoln, elected in 1860, was very persistent on preserving the Union, which was threatened by the issue of slavery. The North was growing rapidly in wealth and population, and it was clearRead MoreWhy Is History A Contentious Subject Within Schools Around The World?936 Words   |  4 Pagesgeneration will be the dark about who they are. History need to be taught whether it is good or bad and relevant history need to be told. Early American history that needs to be taught is slavery. New generation needs to know who slaves in American were and how they were treated by their slave’s owners. Slavery is a tough topic and the emotion of those facts evoke are intense. However, people still need to know the hardship the blacks went through, how they have contributed to America economy, andRead MoreNorth and South on Slavery1040 Words   |  4 PagesThe North and South have very different views on slavery. This has lead to lots of tension and fighting. When people were first settling here they had slaves. It has been going on for almost 100 years. Starting around the Revolutionary war the North became opposed to slavery. They had less use for them as time went on. The South, on the other hand, felt they needed slavery. They had to harvest tobacco and cotton as fast as possible. They knew they couldn’t do it themselves so they bought lots ofRead MoreThe Crisis of the British Empire Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe Crisis of the British Empire Beginning in 1754, two years later the French and Indian war spawned what is known as the Seven Years War in Europe. Attempting to gain control over the Ohio River fur trade, the North American French colonies in alliance with the American Indians attacked British troops along the western frontier. The war ended in 1763, forcing France and Spain to cede their regions of North America to the British empire (namely, Canada and Florida). This acquisition andRead MorePersuasive Essay On Freedom744 Words   |  3 Pagesstates that we have freedom, then why are we continually fight for it? In this essay, I will argue that our freedom has been repeatedly fought for. For example The Revolutionary War was fought to gain our freedom to self govern; we fought a Civil War to end slavery, which is the complete opposite of freedom; and we are currently in a war with the radical Islamic group known as ISIS to gain our freedom from terrorism. I have listed claims to support that freedom is not guaranteed. To maintain and toRead MoreThe Revolutionary Era During The 1760 S1651 Words   |  7 PagesJacquelyn Cox During the 1760’s, slavery was a normal and well-structured part of American society despite the tremendous amount of problems with the institution. Slaveholders often treated their slaves like disposable property, which rightfully angered blacks, and many whites questioned the act of owning another human being. As time moved forward, the country fell into a state of despair over many issues, including slavery, and these problems caused the North and South to go to war with each otherRead MorePros And Cons Of Liberty1741 Words   |  7 PagesLiberty The Revolutionary Era has always been remembered as a time when men struggled for freedom and liberty from the oppressive British rule. The desire for liberty is what drove many people towards Revolution. The group that organized the Boston Tea Party even called themselves â€Å"The Sons of Liberty†. Many of the popular political philosophies of the day also inspired Revolution. â€Å"Real Whig† ideology stressed how a standing army and powerful state, such as Great Britain, was a threat to personal

Friday, December 13, 2019

Alien Invasion Free Essays

2012 ALIEN INVASION? [pic] Researcher Ian O’Neill said that it’s ridiculous 2012 doomsday theories can get. He also said that according to the Examiner. com (a rather dubious, yet expansive news website), 2012 could be filled with an alien invasion fleet after â€Å"3 very large, very fast moving objects† were spotted in some astronomical images. We will write a custom essay sample on Alien Invasion or any similar topic only for you Order Now But there’s a problem. The â€Å"UFO Examiner† reporting this nonsense appears to have made the whole thing up, using a fictitious astrophysicist as a source, a dodgy astronomical photograph and a whole truckload of delusional imagination to communicate the fantasy. Researcher said that it’s his first real attempt for some time that he had seen someone trying to indicate there will be an alien invasion in 2012. It’s been done before, but the invading aliens involving Zecharia Sitchin’s comical â€Å"Annunaki† — are supposed to be traveling aboard a fictional planet called Nibiru (set to arrive on Dec. 21, 2012, of course). Armageddon Planet or Astronomical Baloney? Bad Astronomer Phil Plait clearly points out; the flimsy piece of evidence being used by the â€Å"UFO Examiner† is actually an image defect on the observation plate. It also happens a lot! What makes this particular example (the picture on the top) susceptible to image defects is that the original image was captured on a physical photographic plate and then scanned and digitized (i. e. , copied onto a computer for easy access) through the 2nd Generation Digitized Sky Survey. During the scanning process according to Phil Plait, it is nigh-on impossible to remove all dust and other debris from the plates, so dust and other debris can often be found floating in some digitized images. Also, chips and cracks in the emulsion of the plates will be scanned. But how do you know if what you’re looking at is a chip, scratch or coffee stain and not a ginormous alien space ship flying toward Earth? Apart from the simple application of logical thought, astronomers will often photograph the same part of the night sky with several different filters. If the object is in the blue filter, say (as the above photo was lifted from), and not in the red filter, then it is highly likely that the object isn’t real and it’s just a fleck of dirt on one of the plates. CONCLUSION: HonestIy I really don’t believe in aliens. We might be scraping the bottom of the barrel, come on, aliens? Giant spaceships? Different colored people? Alien invasion in 2012?! I think the explanation above is enough to make us believe that â€Å"alien invasion† is not true. Anyone who wrote about that alien thing is just aiming to earn. They aren’t publicizing the end of the world as some helpful public service announcement, obviously we really know that, they’re doing it to make money. The writers or researchers who would say that they aren’t doing it for money are doing it because they have a dubious grasp on reality. 2012 Phenomenon Myths of the Near Future? The release of the new Roland Emmerich Hollywood blockbuster ‘2012’ has brought fresh fervour to Internet geeks and astrological scholars alike, both of whom might have a keen interest in the prophesies events of December 21, 2012, although most likely for different reasons. The end of the world predictions for 2012 according to some researchers, stem from the belief that at the conclusion of the 5,125 year-long Mayan long count calendar, which coincides with December 21, 2012 in our Gregorian calendar, there will be some sort of earth-shattering event or a series of events that will bring about the destruction of mankind. The modern day interest in all this can be traced back to the late 1950s when Maud Worcester Makemson, an archaeoastronomer (someone that studies ancient astronomy and its sociological implications) noted that the end of this time cycle would have had great significance for the ancient Maya people. This idea was further developed by an American anthropologist, Michael Coe. In his book The Maya Coe claimed that some ancient Mayan writings suggested that the end of the long count calendar on December 21, 2012 marked the end of the world, Armageddon, doomsday! The basis for these doomsday predictions appears to have some slightly thorny origins. The December 2012 date is connected to the conclusion of a time cycle in an ancient Mesoamerican calendar that began its countdown somewhere around 3114 BC. This starting point is when the ancient Maya people believed the previous world ended and a new one (the current one) began. Researchers also found out that there are a number of issues with these theories that should be noted however. Firstly, many scholars argue that in classical Maya literature there are conflicting accounts of what the end of the long count calendar might actually signify, and very few sources suggesting that it might mean an end of world scenario like the one interpreted by Micheal Coe. Secondly, the countdown was calculated differently from one Mayan city-state to another, so the precise date of the conclusion of the Mayan long count calendar is far from clear. It is also interesting that modern decedents of the ancient Maya people place little or no significance on the date December 21, 2012. Also, the ancient Maya scribes wrote about events that were set to take place after the date corresponding to December 21, 2012, so at least some of them did not predict the end of the world to take place on that date. Furthermore, there is no scientific evidence to suggest that either the end of the long count or its somewhat arbitrary beginning a little over 5000 years ago, have any scientific significance whatsoever. An American author, John Major Jenkins, who has written extensively about the Mayan culture and its relation to New Age mysticism suggests that the ancient Maya knew of this galactic alignment of planets and stars, and that this was part of their calendar countdown. However his claims, which relate to where in the sky the zodiacal constellations appear, would have had more credence in 1998 when the alignment he talks about was more precise than it will be in 2012. But there are even more grand things going on in our picture of the end of the world cataclysm predicted for December 2012. Our doomsday prophecy puzzle also incorporates the idea of a significant galactic alignment that just happens to coincide with the 2012 winter solstice in December 2012, meaning the galaxy itself is conspiring against us. It turns out that no end of the world predictions would be complete without a little input from the most famous seer of them all, practically a by-word for futurology, none other than Nostradamus himself. While there are many accounts that can be found floating around the Internet, which say Nostradamus predicted the end of the world in 1997 or was it 1999, or even 2012, none of them are able to say conclusively what the predictions really were, and clearly some of them were just plain wrong, since we are still here. This is mainly because Nostradamus wrote in such an archaic language, mixed with mysticism and metaphor, no one really knows for sure what his precise meaning was in many of his predictions. In any case, most experts agree that if he did set a date for our demise it is somewhere in the late 38th century, so we should be OK for at least our lifetimes. As well as the better known, or at least more talked about end of the world predictions, there is also a theory that a massive geomagnetic reversal is on the cards in 2012 it is according to the researchers. This involves the magnetic poles and the Earth’s magnetic field completely reversing. Scientists in this area do agree that the Earth is long overdue such a reversal, and end of the world theorists have tied this into the predicted peaks in solar flare activity that are due in 2012, which could theoretically affect the Earth’s magnetic field. However experts are keen to point out that geomagnetic reversal is not something that would simply ‘start one day’. The process takes several thousand years and is not necessarily triggered by solar activity. What is more, the original predictions of a peak in solar activity in 2012 have now been put back to 2013. Perhaps the most bizarre end of the world prophecies centers on the mysterious Planet X, which was once thought by scientists to be the tenth outlying planet in the solar system. However, later evidence proved that the perceived gravitational effects of Planet X were actually miscalculations, and that it actually never existed. Not to be put off by mere evidence, New Age thinkers, most notably Nancy Lieder, adopted the planet and re-named it Nibiru, claiming that it she had information that its orbit would take it right by the Earth somewhere around 2010, creating geomagnetic polar shifts that cause absolute devastation across the world, wiping out most of humanity. Incidentally, Lieder’s predictions are based on information she was given through an implant in her brain from aliens living in the Zeta Reticuli star system, honestly. Can Science beat the Doomsday hype? According to Fraser Cain a publisher of the Universe today the world will come to an end. In approximately 4 billion years time, when the sun has depleted its supply of hydrogen in its core, our nearest star will swell like a balloon when it starts to burn heavier elements, swallowing the planets of the inner solar system. Earth will be toast. However, this is the only guaranteed end-date scheduled in our planet’s future. Granted, there will undoubtedly be asteroid strikes, â€Å"killer† solar flares, geomagnetic reversals and possibly one or two interstellar gamma-ray bursts, but 4 billion years is Earth’s sell-by date. CONCLUSION: During my research about the 2012 phenomenon I have learned that; nothing special is predicted to happen in 2012. Especially that we are just human and only God knows what will happen in the future. No ancient civilization, prophet or crazed doomsday conspiracy theorist can see into the future. As I have said only God can do it. Indeed, they have never predicted anything of note in the past how could they predict the future. There’s also a lot of insanity in the world, there are a lot of people genuinely scared that the world might end in 2012. We already know what are the signs if end of the world like for example, great famine, nations by nations war, fortuitous events that are all acts of God, etc. , not those scientific explanations who doesn’t believe in God. But probably the most frightening thing of all, I think is that many people will blindly believe that the Apocalypse is just around the corner, and no amount of science will convince them otherwise. This often distracts from real-world problems, such as climate change and crisis. Sure, the world will end in 4 billion years time, but we don’t need to worry about that yet. How to cite Alien Invasion, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Photovoltaic Cells

Questtion: Describe about photovoltaic cells? Answers: Environmental considerations The importance of sustainability: Sustainability is the meeting of the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. The sustainability has many aspects like environmental, social, and economical.. Photovoltaic (PV) is a renewable energy technology that converts solar radiation directly into electricity. Solar energy is abundantly available; the Earth receives enough solar energy every hour to meet the worlds annual energy needs (Archer and Hill, 2001) .The electrical power which has been produced from PV is less attractive than the electrical power produced by modern technology because of its long payback time. But nowadays incase of mixing of the energy for future, PV is most important because of the rising energy cost and drooping production cost ((Archer and Hill, 2001). So the sustainability of PV power is important. The sun is the renewable source of a photovoltaic cell using ultra thin high efficiency wafers in crystalline solar cell; reduce the carbon footprints of crystalline solar cell. Though recent studies have shown that the life cycle green house gas emission of PV systems as low as 37 g CO2 eq/KWH. It is 4% low compared to coal based power plants. Photovoltaic solar cell converts the sunlight to electricity. Photovoltaic cell uses array to capture the solar energy and convert into electricity. The general theory behind the PV cell is that the solar cell absorbs the incoming solar radiation. The electrons of the solar cell are promoted by the energy that is stored in the photon. Solar radiation represents such an infinite source of energy for the Earth. The sun delivers 1.2 1014 kW energy on the Earth, which is about 10.000 times more than the present energy consumption (Ho, 2007). The energy that the Earth receives from the sun in just one hour is equal to the total amount of energy consumed by humans in one year. So photovoltaic cell is being considered as the significant contributor to renewable energy. The crystalline silicon cells in photovoltaic cell are most expensive, so instead of these cells thin film cells are more affordable. But its efficiency lies below 10 percent. Nanocrystalline dye cell can also be used with 5 percent efficiency. These are the innovation of solar technology that made the system more affordable. The photovoltaic energy is used in MSU sustainable house. Fundamentals of photovoltaic cell: The solar cell is called photovoltaic cell. These cells are found in solar powered calculator or on satellite for creating the electrical energy. These cells convert light energy to electrical energy directly .These cells are made up of silicon. A silicon atom consists of 14 electrons which are arranged in 3 general electron shells. The first 2 cell which are nearest to the nucleus, are full. The outer shell half full comprises 4 electrons. Silicon can share its electron with its neighbor where in case of crystalline silicon; other silicon atoms provide electrons to share. The mathematical parameters used to evaluate the performance and efficiency of the various types of the various types of Photovoltaic cell The important parameter of the PV performance is called the Fill Factor (FF). It is a term that describes how the curve fills the rectangle that is defined by (V oc) and (Isc). It gives an indication of the quality of a cell's semiconductor junction and measures of how well a solar cell is able to collect the carriers generated by light (Hajizadeh et al. 2011). It is defined as: FF (1)=Vmp Imp/VIsc (1) After a simple manipulation, one gets the equation: V oc I SC FF = V mp I mp = Pmax (2) It can be easily observed that FF is always less than unity and differs from material to material. The closer the value of the fill factor is to unity, the better the operation of the PV cell. The PV efficiency () is defined as the ratio of the maximum output power P mp to the solar power received by the cell surface area (A): = FFI scV sc / GA A five parameter photovoltaic model is adapted in this study to determine the module parameters. In the present work, the five parameter model is used to simulate the characteristic of thin film solar cells at different weather conditions. In addition identify what type of voltage is produced and the wattage ,how the power is regulated to battery or more importantly to an inverter to mains power. A single PV cell produces about 1 to 2 watts of electricity; an amount that is quite insignificant compared to what is required by most electrical equipment. Two or more PV Cells are built to produce a PV Module to provide higher wattages as required. For instance, a PV module producing 50 watts may comprise of at least 25 of 2 Watts output PV cells. To meet the the electrical need of a home or an industrial setting, PV Modules are assembled together to form a PV Array that meets the total energy requirement. A PVC system design begins with determining the total energy requirement for a facility to be powered. Next the number of solar panel units required and other components of the PVC (description below) are determined. A basic PVC system comprises of the following: Solar panels collects visible light from Sun and converts it to electricity (direct current (DC)); Batteries (rechargeable) Store solar energy up to provide electricity for sun-down periods (nights and cloudy days). They must be able to discharge and recharge. Rechargeable batteries are a little more expensive than the disposable batteries. Without batteries a PVC system can only provide electricity when it is sunny. Charge Controller- feeds electricity from the solar panel to the batteries in a manner that prevents the solar panel from overcharging the batteries. Power Inverter converts the low-voltage direct currents (DC) from the battery to high-voltage alternating current (AC) How A Pv Cell Is Made And How It Works What is the PV slab made of: The slab or wafer is mainly made of silicon. On the top of the slab there is very thinly phosphorous is diffused and on the base of the slab, boron is diffused, . The boron side of the slab is 1,000 times thicker than the phosphorous side and the phosphorous has one more electron in its outer shell than silicon, and the boron has one less. What chemical bonding takes place on the surface: The photovoltaic cell is essentially a diode with a large surface and there is covalent bond. What are the dopants and what part do they play in the design process: In a crystalline silicon PV cell, p-type silicon must contact n-type silicon to create the built-in electrical field. The process of doping, which is used to create these materials, introduces an atom of another element into silicon crystal to alter its electrical properties. Thedopant, which is the introduced element, has either three or five valence electronswhich is one less or one more than silicon's four. The most common method of doping is to coat a layer of silicon material with phosphorus and then heat the surface How does boron affect the electron flow A thicker, boron doped bottom layer contains holes, or absences of electrons, that also can move freely. In effect, precise manufacturing has instilled an electronic imbalance between the two layers. What is meant by p-type and n-type and the electrical charge between them: P-type (or positive) semiconductors have an abundance of positively charged holes, and n-type (or negative) semiconductors have an abundance of negatively charged electrons. When n- and p-type silicon layers contact, excess electrons move from the n-type side to the p-type side. The result is a buildup of positive charge along the n-type side of the interface and a buildup of negative charge along the p-type side(Nadeau,2011). Because of the flow of electrons and holes, the two semiconductors behave like a battery, creating an electric field at the surface where they meet. That is called thep/n junction. The electrical field causes the electrons to move from the semiconductor toward the negative surface, making them available for the electrical circuit. At the same time, the holes move in the opposite direction, toward the positive surface, where they await incoming electrons. How is the electrical current being produced. Same as above How Do Photovoltaic Cells Work How does light get converted into electrical energy: In a crystal, the bonds between the silicon atoms are made of electrons that are shared between all of the atoms of the crystals. When the light gets absorbed, one electron in one of the bond gets excited up to a higher energy level and can move around more freely than its boundation phase. Then we can get current. A photon comes in and activates the electron on to high energy level. What is photoelectronic effect: Some materials which show the photo electronic effect ,they can absorb the photons of the light and release electrons because of this effect. Where was it discovered and by whom: The photo electronic effect was first noticed by French physicist, Edmund Bequerel, in 1939. Why non reflective coatings used: The non reflective coatings are used in silicon cells because these coatings allow entering the highest amount of light in the cell. Explain how electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the semiconductor material: The solar cell which is also called photovoltaic cell is mainly composed of semiconductor. When the light strikes the cell, the semiconductor absorbs the portion of light, so the electrons of the semiconductors are knocked loose. For this, electrons can flow freely and can create a current. What does the band gap control in a PV cell: Band gap is called energy gap. In this gap no electron states can exist. The band gap is the energy difference between the top of the valence bond and the bottom of conduction bond in insulator and semiconductor. The energy is equivalent to the energy which is needed to free an outer shell electron from its orbit. For this reason electrons can move freely within the solid material. Band gap determines the electrical conductivity of the solid. The semi conductor has small band gap whether the insulator has large band gap. Illustrate and explain the different each substrate used to construct a the PV cell: The majority of multi-junction cells have used three layers . However, the triple junction cells require the use of semiconductors that can be tuned to specific frequencies, it is made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) compounds, often germanium for the bottom-, GaAs for the middle-, and GaInP2(Gallium Indium Phosphate) for the top-cell.Gallium arsenide substrate:Dual junction cells can be made on Gallium arsenide wafers. Alloys of Indium gallium phosphide in the range .In.5Ga.5P through In.53Ga.47P serve as the high band gap alloy.Germanium substrate:Triple junction cells consisting of Indium gallium phosphide, Gallium arsenide or Indium gallium arsenide and Germanium can be made of germanium wafers. Early cells used straight gallium arsenide in the middle junction. Indium phosphide substrate:Indium phosphide may be used as a substrate to fabricate cells with band gaps between 1.35eV and 0.74eV. Indium Phosphide has a band gap of 1.35eV. Indium gallium arsenide(In0.53Ga0.47As) is lattice m atched to Indium Phosphide with a band gap of 0.74eV.Indium Gallium Nitride:Indium gallium nitride (InGaN, InxGa1-xN) is a semiconductor material made of a mix of gallium nitride (GaN) and indium nitride (InN). Conclusion Conclusion The deployment of solar technologies for energy production at a large scale requires the involvement of both political and economical players, but also further improvements in the conversion efficiency and reduction of manufacturing cost. A large ongoing research effort aims to find innovative solutions to overcome these barriers. In the last decade, photovoltaic technologies have experienced an astonishing evolution that led to the increase of the efficiency of crystal-silicon solar cells up to 25% and of thin-film devices up to 19%. Recently, nano-technology, innovative deposition and growth techniques, and novel materials opened routes for reaching higher performances (multijunction devices and other 3rd generation photovoltaics) and for developing very low-cost devices such as organic-based PVs. All these technologies face comparable fundamental issues related to the steps involved in the conversion of photon energy into electricity: photon absorption, charge carrier g eneration, charge separation, and charge transport. Both fundamental research and technical development are critical requirements for these technologies to become more efficient, stable, and reliable. Solar thermal systems are at the demonstration stage and some installations are already operational. Their ability to overcome the intermittency problem using hybridization and thermal storage renders these technologies particularly suitable for large-scale electricity production. Direct production of chemicals fuels, and particularly hydrogen, from solar energy is a promising alternative to using fossil fuels for the development of a sustainable carbon-free fuel economy (Collins, 2005). Thermochemical and biological conversion processes are GCEP Solar Energy Technology Assessment - Summer 2006 37 promising technologies with potential for high efficiency. However, only a few thermochemical processes have been investigated to date and biological systems require more understating of gene tics and biological conversion to become efficient and stable (Collins, 2005). Solar energy has a large potential to be a major fraction of a future carbon-free energy portfolio, but technological advances and breakthroughs are necessary to overcome low conversion efficiency and high cost of presently available systems. References Archer, M., Hill, R. (2001).Clean Electricity from Photovoltaics. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. Collins, R. (2005).Amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon science and technology--2005. Warrendale, Pa.: Materials Research Society. Hajizadeh, A., Tesfahunegn, S., Undeland, T. (2011). Intelligent control of hybrid photo voltaic/fuel cell/energy storage power generation system.J. Renewable Sustainable Energy,3(4), 043112. doi:10.1063/1.3618743 Ho, P. (2007).e-e correlated intense-field multiple ionization as a completely classical photo-electric effect. Nadeau, N. (2011).The Green Revolution. Hobart, NY: Hatherleigh Press. Swatantra Prakash Singh, S. (2013). High Efficient Solar Photo Voltaic Cell.IOSR-JEEE,4(6), 49-52. doi:10.9790/1676-0464952

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Why You Should become a vegetarian an Example by

Why You Should become a vegetarian There are several reasons why you should become a vegetarian. Basically, it is because of health reasons and the other reason entails that of animal rights. Please allow me to reintroduce and reiterate some of them to you: Need essay sample on "Why You Should become a vegetarian" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed First of all, to lead a vegetarian lifestyle is to take in greater amounts of Vitamin E (Leitzmann, 2005). Vitamin E or Tocopherol in turn is extremely beneficial because it helps prevent heart disease (Gandelman, 2006). Explaining further, it has the capacity to guard the body from oxidation or cell damage (Gandelman, 2006). Thus, it follows that Atherosclerosis may then be prevented if the body takes in Vitamin E as well (Gandelman, 2006). Atherosclerosis is a condition wherein the arteries hardens and narrows which eventually leads to heart disease and stroke (Gandelman, 2006). On a final note and summarily, Vitamin E then plays a large role in the prevention of heart disease (Gandelman, 2006). Second, to lead a vegetarian lifestyle is to take in low amount (if not none at all) of saturated fat and cholesterol (Leitzmann, 2005). LDL cholesterol or bad cholesterol is lower because vegetarian diets have lower saturated fat content as well (Brown, 2006). This in turn is exceedingly beneficial in the deterrence and even management of medical conditions including the following cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, renal disease and dementia, as well as diverticular disease, gallstones and rheumatoid arthritis (Leitzmann, 2005). Third, to lead a vegetarian lifestyle reduces the risk of acquiring a coronary heart disease vegetarian diets have larger amounts of high-fiber fruits and vegetables, thus more antioxidants are taken in fighting off the toxins in the body (Brown, 2006). Fourth, clotting factors are lessened because vegetarian diets have larger amounts of fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins and minerals (Brown, 2006). Fifth, blood pressure is surely lower because vegetarian diets have lower salt content (Brown, 2006). Sixth, diabetes is less likely to occur because vegetarian diets have more complex carbohydrates and fewer simple sugars (Brown, 2006). Seventh, the risk of cancer, specifically of the colon cancer, may be significantly reduced(Brown, 2006). Breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and cancer of the kidney may also be avoided through a vegetarian diet (Brown, 2006). Eighth, since a vegetarian diet is said to have: 1) less protein; 2) lower cholesterol; 3) lower saturated fat; 4) lower total fat; 5) more carbohydrates; 6) more fiber; 7) more minerals; 8) more vitamins, it is very advantageous and beneficial because of the possibility of the following: 1) less hypertension; 2) more endurance; 3) longevity; 4) lesser possibility of acquiring obesity; 5) less possibility of having osteoporosis, bowel disease, cancer, as well as heart disease (Brown, 2006). Last but not least, it is beneficial to lead a vegetarian diet so that we no longer have to violate any of the rights of the animals. Leading a vegetarian lifestyle is an excellent way of living the good life then. References Brown, C. (2006). Vegetarian vs. Meat Diet. Gandelman, G. (2006). Vitamin E and Heart Disease. Leitzmann, C. (2005). Vegetarian Diets: What are the Advantages? Forum of Nutrition, 57, 147 56.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Free Essays on Global Warming Just Lot Of Hot Air

Global Warming The weather is a very illusive thing to predict. How many times has the local weatherman been wrong about the forecast? Even with all our modern technology we still can not account for all the variables of Mother Nature. So if we can’t even predict tomorrows weather how can our predictions on global warming be accurate? In 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) the globalization of environmental green law was designed so it would scare the people into believing that global warming was a problem that needed to be fixed. They said the polar icecaps would melt, storms would grow stronger, the coastlines would flood, and winters would be colder and summers hotter. President Clinton headed to Japan to sigh the â€Å"global climate change† treaty to limit green house emissions, such as carbon dioxide. But is carbon dioxide the real problem? Since the 19th century the earth’s temperature has increased 1.5 degrees Celsius. However since 1979 the earth’s temperature has cooled .09 degrees even though carbon dioxide emissions form fossil fuels have risen 19%. So how did the temperature rise before we put so much carbon dioxide into the air? â€Å"This is an effect coning before the cause,† says John Leoffler for his article â€Å"Global warming? Hot Air!† 90% of the earth’s heat is retented by water vapor not carbon dioxide. â€Å"Currently, human activity puts about 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year. Non-human activity, mostly volcanoes, account for about 200 billion tons,† says John Leoffler. We only produce 3% of the earth’s carbon dioxide. Is that really so significant that it would cause global warming? Dr. Harry N.A. Priem of Utrecht University says no. â€Å" The fluctuations in carbon dioxide concentration appear to track those in tempera ture to a remarkavle degree, but a closer look reveals that fluctuations generally lag behind those in temperature... Free Essays on Global Warming Just Lot Of Hot Air Free Essays on Global Warming Just Lot Of Hot Air Global Warming The weather is a very illusive thing to predict. How many times has the local weatherman been wrong about the forecast? Even with all our modern technology we still can not account for all the variables of Mother Nature. So if we can’t even predict tomorrows weather how can our predictions on global warming be accurate? In 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) the globalization of environmental green law was designed so it would scare the people into believing that global warming was a problem that needed to be fixed. They said the polar icecaps would melt, storms would grow stronger, the coastlines would flood, and winters would be colder and summers hotter. President Clinton headed to Japan to sigh the â€Å"global climate change† treaty to limit green house emissions, such as carbon dioxide. But is carbon dioxide the real problem? Since the 19th century the earth’s temperature has increased 1.5 degrees Celsius. However since 1979 the earth’s temperature has cooled .09 degrees even though carbon dioxide emissions form fossil fuels have risen 19%. So how did the temperature rise before we put so much carbon dioxide into the air? â€Å"This is an effect coning before the cause,† says John Leoffler for his article â€Å"Global warming? Hot Air!† 90% of the earth’s heat is retented by water vapor not carbon dioxide. â€Å"Currently, human activity puts about 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year. Non-human activity, mostly volcanoes, account for about 200 billion tons,† says John Leoffler. We only produce 3% of the earth’s carbon dioxide. Is that really so significant that it would cause global warming? Dr. Harry N.A. Priem of Utrecht University says no. â€Å" The fluctuations in carbon dioxide concentration appear to track those in tempera ture to a remarkavle degree, but a closer look reveals that fluctuations generally lag behind those in temperature...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Gender Issues in Africca Expressed through Literature Term Paper

Gender Issues in Africca Expressed through Literature - Term Paper Example The rest of this essay will highlight, compare and contrast the gender issues discussed in these novels. In particular it will argue that the two books in question bring key insight, understanding and a message of hope to women’s issues in their respective countries. So Long a Letter (originally published in French as ‘Une si longue lettre’), gives voice to women of Senegal in particular and Western Africa in general. It is written by Mariama Ba and is semi-autobiographical in content. Ramatoulaye Fall is the protagonist and first-person narrator of this epistolary novel. Addressed to her close friend Aissatou Ba, the letter was prompted by the narrator’s recent and unexpected widowhood. Ramatoulaye recounts to Aissatou the circumstances and the shock accompanying her husband’s death due to heart-attack. But having adopted the novel form, the letter touches upon topics far and beyond that of her immediate grief. And through her forays into all aspect s of women’s social rules and restrictions the feminist voice of the author comes alive. (Ba-Curry et.al, 2008, p.112) Especially astute are Ba’s grasp of interpersonal equations and balance of power between the two genders: â€Å"A woman is like a ball; once a ball is thrown, no one can predict where it will bounce. You have no control over where it rolls, and even less over who gets it. Often it is grabbed by an unexpected hand...Whereas a woman draws from the passing years the force of her devotion, despite the ageing of her companion, a man, on the other hand, restricts his field of tenderness. His egoistic eye looks over his partner's shoulder. He compares what he had with  what  he no long has, what he has with what he could have. (Ba, 1980, p.42) The novel Everything Good Will Come by Sefi Atta has thematic similarities in that its protagonist also is a girl living in postcolonial Nigeria and England. But compared to Miriama Ba’s work, Atta’s novel is created in a much broader canvas, covering political developments, ethnic conflict, crime as well as interpersonal relationships. The chief character in the novel is that of Enitan, who is confronting in her life various issues that have engulfed postcolonial Nigeria. Some of the most realistic and poignant passages in the novel pertain to the ethnic strife between groups such as Youruba, Igbo (Biafrans) and Housas, which has stifled progress and development in sovereign Nigeria. (Olowonmi, 2008, p.55) Sefi Atta emphasizes ‘bonding’ as a mechanism for achieving communal bliss. Via bonding, key characters in the story are able to share their burden and fight bravely to resist their oppressors and seek freedom for their loved ones. Dismantling this cloak of disillusionment then becomes a text-type for the survival of democratic governance in her country. According to the United Nations’ Global Human Development Report (2002) governance in action includes i nstitutions, rules and political processes. And these factors determine if economies grow, children go to school, and whether human development moves forward or backward. Thus, this perspective â€Å"is in consonance with the writer's vision when he/she moves through enormous materials to organize and orchestrate in order to open a window to prospective horizons as his/her art reflects reality. And conclusively, the writer caves for the deepening of democratic governance in Nigeria to ensure that the use of power in public affairs gives premium to human